Aluminum is a bluish, silver-white, malleable, ductile, light trivalent, metallic element that has good electrical and thermal conductivity, high reflectivity, and resistance to oxidation.
Brass comes with good strength, excellent high temperature ductility and reasonable cold ductility, good conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance, good bearing properties and low magnetic permeability.
Sintered bronze is a porous material, which can be impregnated with oil, graphite or PTFE. Not suitable for heavily loaded applications but useful where lubrication is inconvenient.
Composite materials typically consist of a matrix and a dispersed, fibrous or continuous second phase. The second phase may reinforce (strengthen or stiffen), alter electrical or magnetic properties or enhance wear or erosion resistance.
A commercial iron that contains carbon in any amount up to about 1.7 percent as an essential alloying constituent. It is malleable when under suitable conditions, and is distinguished from cast iron by its malleability and lower carbon content.
Titanium is a hard, lustrous, silvery, element that is relatively abundant in the Earth's crust. It is known for its lightness, strength, and corrosion resistance. For this reason it is used widely in the aerospace industry and the medical fields (e.g., replacement joints). When alloyed with other metals, especially steel, it adds strength and oxidation resistance.
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The compacting process places a controlled amount of mixed powder, approximately 2-1/2 times finish volume, into the die. Compression is conducted by punches moving simultaneously from above and below at pressures ranging between 20 and 50 tons per square inch. Dimensions and density are closely controlled in this process. The compacted component is called a "green compact".
Cold isostatic pressing (CIP) of metal powders in a flexible rubber mold under high pressure (up to 60,000 psi) to form a part. The parts are subsequently sintered.
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of metal powders in a welded metal mold under high pressure (up to 60,000 psi) to form a high density part or preform. Parts can reach or closely approach theoretical density using a HIPing process.
Metal powder is loaded into an electrically conductive tube (such as copper, aluminum, or steel). The tube is placed at the center of the electromagnetic coil, and a current is pulsed through the coil, creating high magnetic pressure radially around the tube. The kinetic energy of the tube wall presses the powder into a high-density part.
Metal injection molding (MIM) is a powder metallurgy process used for manufacturing metal parts. Although MIM uses powder metal, it is nothing like conventional powder metal process. The metal powders used in MIM are 10-100 times smaller than in powder metal processes. Also, the end product of MIM is much higher in density (greater than 95% theoretical density). Unlike powder metal, products manufactured by MIM can be case or through hardened, painted, and drilled and tapped.
Metal injection offers the same benefits and features of plastic and rubber molding, but produces a much stronger end product. Metal injection molding can provide a substantial cost savings over conventional metal machining options. Applications for MIM parts include surgical tools, automotive locks and actuators, firearm components, computer hard disk drives and electrical connectors.
The metallurgical bonding of particles in a powder mass or compact resulting from a thermal treatment at a temperature below the melting point of the main constituent.
A method of forming metal shapes by pouring a stabilized water-suspension of metal powders into the shaped cavity of a fluid absorbing mold, diffusing the liquid into the mold wall, removing the casting from the mold and sintering.
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The ratio of the determined density of a compact to the absolute density of metal of the same composition, usually expressed as a percentage. Synonymous with % theoretical density. Material properties such as elongation, yield strength, corrosion resistance, and magnetic properties are directly related to density.
Fully density powder metal parts provide the ‘ultimate’ physical properties for conventionally compacted powder metal materials. The density ratio is 99% to 100% of the theoretical density. See Material Density Table below for reference.
Metal powder is consolidated under pressure to a compaction density between 90% and 99% theoretical density. This is considered high density and is manufactured using presses operating with very high pressures. See Material Density Table below for reference.
Metal powder is consolidated under pressure to a compaction density 85% to 90% theoretical density. This is considered high density and is manufactured using presses operating with very high pressures. See Material Density Table below for reference.
Metal powder is consolidated under high pressure to a compaction density of less than 85%. These densities can be achieved through conventional powder metal manufacturing technologies. See Material Density Table below for reference.
Porosity is a sponge-like area in an otherwise sound metal part. Porosity is always present in powdered or sintered metal parts. Porosity can be found as continuous, blind, or totally enclosed. 'Continuous' porosity extends completely through the wall thickness of a metal part, causing a leakage path. 'Blind' porosity is connected only to one side of the part wall. 'Totally enclosed' porosity is completely isolated within the wall thickness of a part. When castings are machined, both 'blind' and 'totally enclosed' porosity are often opened-up, becoming 'continuous' porosity and allowing leakage. See Material Density Table below for reference.
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In the forging process, metal is shaped by pressing, pounding, or squeezing under very high pressure, to form parts called forgings. Forging processes include cold forging or heading, impression or closed die, open die, and seamless rolled ring.
Heat treatment involves heating a part to its austenizing temperature (typically 1550°F) and quenching it (rapid cooling) to achieve greater strength and hardness.
Resin impregnation fills the porosity of a part with a resin to create a pressure-tight part for hydraulic applications, which can withstand several thousand PSI, to improve machinability, or to allow electroplating.
Sinter brazing is the process of joining two or more pieces of an assembly by brazing them during sintering. Sinter brazing yields strong and complex powder metal assemblies. When sinter brazing individual components of an assembly are compacted separately; components are assembled prior to sintering; and the assembly is sintered, allowing the braze material to melt and flow between the joint surfaces of the individual components, bonding them together. Parts that typically undergo sinter brazing include transmission hubs and piston assemblies.
Sinter-hardening is the combination of sintering and hardening in one step. This has reduced the production costs of low alloy steel parts, which need post sintering heat treatment. This results in a homogeneous martensitic structure in the PM steels. Close dimensional tolerances are maintained in the sinter-hardened parts thus eliminating the need for sizing.
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AS 9100 is an expanded, international version of AS 9000, a standard which defines quality system requirements for suppliers to the aerospace industry. AS 9100 was developed by major aerospace manufactures in conjunction with the ISO Aerospace Technical Committee (TC) 20, and published by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
ISO 9001:2000 establishes requirements for company quality management systems. Standards range from manufacturing to services such as design, development, production, and installation.
ISO 14001 specifies the actual requirements for an environmental management system. It applies to those environmental aspects, over which the organization has control or influence. ISO 14001 was first published in 1996 and is the only ISO 14000 standard against which it is currently possible to be certified by an external certification authority.
ISO 13485:2003 specifies quality management system (QMS) requirements for organizations that need to demonstrate their ability to provide medical devices and related services that consistently meet applicable customer and regulatory requirements. ISO 13485:2003 contains specific requirements for medical devices and excludes non-applicable requirements from ISO 9001. Consequently, an organization with a QMS that conforms to ISO 13485:2003 cannot claim to conformity to ISO 9001 unless the QMS meets all of ISO 9001’s requirements.
ISO/TS 16949:2002 is an ISO Technical Specification that aligns existing American (QS-9000), German (VDA6.1), French (EAQF) and Italian (AVSQ) automotive quality systems standards for the global automotive industry.
QS9000 defines the fundamental quality system expectations of manufacturers for internal and external suppliers of production and service parts and materials. These companies are committed to working with suppliers to ensure customer satisfaction beginning with conformance to quality requirements.
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Companies are located in the Northeast United States, namely Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Vermont.
Companies are located in the Southern United States, namely Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington D.C., and West Virginia.
Companies are located in the Midwest United States, namely Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin.
Companies have facilities in South American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, or Chile; or in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, etc.
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